A Korean-Taoist Path of Self-Inquiry and Spiritual Return

Introduction

Within the quiet intersections of Korean martial arts, Seon Buddhism, Taoist inner alchemy, and indigenous contemplative practice, there exists a lesser-known meditative path called Chamsa (참사). Translated loosely as “true reflection” or “sincere contemplation,” this practice involves a series of inner visualizations that begin with the face and end with formless awareness. It guides the practitioner from physical identity, through spiritual regression, and into the vast, unconditioned presence that many traditions call enlightenment, nirvana, or union with the Tao.

Chamsa serves not only as a vehicle of personal transformation but also as a symbolic journey through layers of ego, memory, and form, toward a realization of the true self that was never born and never dies.

I. Origins and Conceptual Foundations

1. Linguistic Meaning

In Korean, Cham (참) means “true” or “authentic,” while Sa (사) may refer to “thought,” “contemplation,” or “reflection” (Kim, 2018). Thus, Chamsa points to a practice of authentic inward reflection, aligned with the spiritual aim of uncovering the nature of self and reality.

2. Syncretic Influences

The practice bridges three major influences:

• Seon (Zen) Buddhism: Emphasizes hwadu (Kōan-style inquiry), non-dual awareness, and meditation as a route to awakening (Aitken, 1990; Dumoulin, 2005).
• Taoist Neidan (inner alchemy): Employs visualizations, energy return, and prenatal regression to restore original spirit (Komjathy, 2013; Yang, 1997).
• Korean shamanic mysticism: Embraces spiritual vision, ancestral awareness, and altered states as portals to insight (Kim, 2018).

II. The Stages of Chamsa Practice

Chamsa is typically taught as a stage-based meditation, though advanced practitioners may cycle through its phases in a single session. Each stage builds upon the last, guiding the practitioner from concrete visualization to subtle realization.

Stage 1: Face Visualization

• Description: Eyes closed, visualize your own face in full, accurate detail, every wrinkle, mole, and asymmetry. Include features such as the slope of the nose, eyebrow placement, asymmetries, scars, skin texture, color, and even the micro-expressions of your resting face. The image should be as vivid and lifelike as if one were looking into a mirror with eyes open.
• Purpose: Strengthen shen (spirit), develop internal focus, and anchor awareness in the “mind mirror.” This aligns with Taoist inner vision practices (nèishì), projecting awareness from the third eye center or upper dantian (Kohn, 1993; Yang, 1997).

Stage 2: Dissolution of the Face

• Description: Allow the mental image of the face to gradually blur, dissolve, or melt away without force. Observe any resistance or attachment as the image fades.
• Purpose: Cultivate detachment from personal identity and begin breaking down the egoic image of the self. This mirrors both Zen and Taoist instructions for letting go of attachment to form (Dumoulin, 2005).

Stage 3: Witness Inquiry

• Description: With the face gone, turn awareness inward and ask: “Who is seeing this image?” or “What remains when the face disappears?”
• Purpose: This self-inquiry parallels Seon (Zen) Buddhism’s hwadu method and Taoist “reflection on the void.” It shifts attention to the formless witness, revealing the distinction between perception and identification (Aitken,1990).

Stage 4: Womb Regression

• Description: Begin to visualize yourself in the womb. Sense the floating, fluid warmth of the pre-birth state. This visualization is not merely symbolic; it is a meditative immersion into pre-verbal, pre-identity awareness.
• Purpose: Return to the state of yuan qi and yuan shen (original energy and spirit), reconnecting with the undisturbed potential of consciousness prior to conditioning. This corresponds to Taoist embryonic breathing, and the process of returning to the origin (Komjathy, 2013).

Stage 5: Original Face

• Description: Let go of all visualizations. Abide in spacious presence. Ask: “What was my original face before my parents were born?”
• Purpose: This stage reflects the heart of Zen realization. All form, memory, and thought dissolve, revealing emptiness and unconditioned awareness (Aitken, 1990).

Stage 6: Return and Integration

• Description: Slowly bring awareness back to the breath, body, and senses. Open the eyes and re-engage with the outer world from this clarified state.
• Purpose: To integrate realization into daily life. The clarity cultivated through chamsa should inform one’s behavior, relationships, and presence, aligning with both Taoist spontaneity and the Zen Ox-herding picture of reentering the world with open hands (Dumoulin, 2005; Yang, 1997).

III. Practice Progression: Gradual vs. Cyclical

Progressive Practice (for most practitioners)

Stage	Timeframe	Developmental Aim
Face Visualization	1–2 weeks	Image clarity, stillness
Dissolution	1–2 weeks	Letting go, self-inquiry begins
Inquiry	2+ weeks	Direct experience of the observer
Womb Regression	Variable	Comfort with silence and non-conceptual being
Original Face	Ongoing	Insight into emptiness and non-duality

This mirrors the traditional model used in both Zen training and Taoist alchemical refinement (Komjathy, 2013; Dumoulin, 2005).

Cyclical Practice (for advanced practitioners)

Experienced meditators may move through all stages in a single sitting. This is often employed in advanced neigong, zazen, or during spiritual retreats (Yang, 1997).

IV. Chamsa and Enlightenment

1. As a Route to Enlightenment

Chamsa progressively dismantles the layers of self-identity. It leads to direct realization of formless presence, making it consistent with both Zen’s gradual approach and Taoism’s return to source (Aitken,1990; Komjathy, 2013).

2. As an Expression of Enlightenment

At deeper levels, the practice becomes a reflection of the awakened state. It is used not to attain enlightenment, but to maintain presence and live from insight (Dumoulin, 2005).

“The enlightened one returns to the marketplace with open hands.” — Zen Ox-Herding Picture #10

V. Comparative Models of Enlightenment

Aspect	Chamsa	Zen Buddhism	Taoist Alchemy	Tibetan Dzogchen
Starting Point	Visualization of face	Hwadu or breath focus	Jing → Qi → Shen transmutation	Rigpa recognition
Key Turning Point	Dissolution and womb regression	“Great doubt” or koan resolution	Return to origin	Breakthrough to spontaneous presence
Final Aim	Witnessing the “original face”	Satori, then integration	Unity with Tao	Recognition of non-dual awareness
Method	Visual inquiry & regression	Self-inquiry & zazen	Breath, energy, visualization	Direct pointing-out instruction
Expression	Calm presence, embodied wisdom	Actionless action, compassion	Spontaneity, longevity, clarity	Effortless awareness, freedom

VI. Conclusion: Returning to the Formless Mirror

Chamsa meditation is both a method and a metaphor: a way of seeing the self by watching it dissolve. It begins with the familiar image of the face and guides the practitioner back to the unconditioned awareness before identity, thought, and time.

Whether used as a route to insight or a means of stabilization, Chamsa bridges Korean, Taoist, and Buddhist traditions. It reveals that the journey inward is not a retreat, but a return to that which has always been present.

“To know the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be enlightened by all things.”
— Dōgen Zenji, Genjōkōan

References

Aitken, R. (1990). The Gateless Barrier: The Wu-Men Kuan (Mumonkan). North Point Press. https://archive.org/details/gatelessbarrierw0000aitk

Dumoulin, H. (2005). Zen Buddhism: A History (Vol. 2: Japan). World Wisdom. Zen Buddhism : a history : Dumoulin, Heinrich : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Kim, C. (2018). Korean shamanism. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315198156

Kohn, L. (1993). The Taoist Experience: An Anthology. SUNY Press. https://archive.org/details/thetaoistexperienceliviakohn

Komjathy, L. (2013). The Daoist Tradition: An Introduction. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/daoist-tradition-9781441168733/

Yang, J. (1997). The Root of Chinese Qigong: Secrets of Health, Longevity, and Enlightenment. YMAA. https://archive.org/details/therootofchineseqigongbyyangjwingming1997