Are you Superstitious? Perhaps Operant Conditioning is in Play

Operant conditioning entails learning relationships between behavior and its consequences of reinforcement or punishment. Operant responses are usually voluntary, such as verbal behavior, thinking and/or physical actions. In operant conditioning experiments, the researcher associates a particular response by closely following correspondences to that response with reinforcement or punishment (Ettinger, 2018).

Superstition may be defined as an irrational belief that can lead to the practice of various rituals, where a random occurrence is related with a positive outcome. The practice of the ritual is then thought to increase the positive outcome by again repeating the behavior. Some may see superstition as rooted in a mismatched correlation between cause and effect, where there is a tendency to interpret outcomes in line with our pre-existing beliefs. We often see this behavior in sporting activities, where a chance action or inaction, could lead to a point or goal for a particular percentage of the time. For example, actions of a baseball batter tapping home plate with their bat, loosening, and retightening their gloves and then hitting a homerun, are likely to be repeated. Not that these actions actually have any effect, but simply because of the coincidental reinforcement (What Is the Evolutionary Reason for Superstitious Behaviour? 2021).

(*What Is the Evolutionary Reason for Superstitious Behaviour?*, 2021)

Behavior learned through reinforcement usually involves a straightforward process linking cause to effect. However, with superstitious behavior, we perform an irrelevant action that happens to accompany the behavior that is being reinforced. Now that irrelevant action or the superstitious behavior, itself becomes reinforced (Krauss Whitbourne, 2014).

I think this cause-and-effect superstitious behavior can be often seen in many other common rituals that we often execute without much engaged thought. Ironically, some superstitions actually have some logical explanation or history behind them. An example would be not walking under a ladder because it could be potentially dangerous if something fell off of the ladder and onto someone’s head. Or not opening an umbrella indoors, because it was designed to be open outdoors and clear from hitting potential objects upon opening (Kolitz, 2020).

References:

Ettinger, R. H. (2018). Psychology: The Science of Behavior (6th ed.). BVT Publishing.

Kolitz, D. (2020, March 30). Which Superstitions Are Based on Facts? Gizmodo. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://gizmodo.com/which-superstitions-are-based-on-fact-1841261680

Krauss Whitbourne, S. (2014, October 14). Why We’re So Superstitious. Psychology Today. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201410/why-were-so-superstitious

What is the Evolut3ionary Reason for Superstitious Behaviour? (2021, August 18). New Scientist. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/mg25133482-900-what-is-the-evolutionary-reason-for-superstitious-behaviour/#:%7E:text=A%20superstition%20is%20an%20irrational,likelihood%20of%20repeating%20the%20behaviour.

What is the evolutionary reason for superstitious behaviour? (2021, August 18). New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/mg25133482-900-what-is-the-evolutionary-reason-for-superstitious-behaviour/

I teach and offer lectures about holistic health, physical fitness, stress management, human behavior, meditation, phytotherapy (herbs), music for healing, self-massage (acupressure), Daoyin (yoga), qigong, tai chi, and baguazhang.

Please contact me if you, your business, organization, or group, might be interested in hosting me to speak on a wide spectrum of topics relative to better health, fitness, and well-being.

I look forward to further sharing more of my message by partnering with hospitals, wellness centers, VA centers, schools on all levels, businesses, and individuals who see the value in building a stronger nation through building a healthier population.

I also have hundreds of FREE education video classes, lectures, and seminars available on my YouTube channel at:

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Many of my publications can be found on Amazon at:

http://www.Amazon.com/author/jimmoltzan

My holistic health blog is available at:

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http://www.MindAndBodyExercises.com

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Jim Moltzan

407-234-0119

Dreams and Death, is There a Correlation?

Have you ever suddenly awoken from an intense dream where you questioned if it was just an abstract experience or one that may have a deeper and more profound meaning? Or maybe a repeat of another dream that seems to reoccur? Maybe even where deceased individuals close to you come to “visit” to offer words of support, closure, or invaluable insights?

The dream event is indicative of a momentary state of diminished faculties. It may be quite possible that dreams involving the deceased may be symptomatic of grief, however, this explanation may not hold true for all dream visitations. It is believed that the dream state allows a separation from our senses. Sleep can be viewed as a way of quieting the senses, so that nothing is conveyed to the heart, allowing the veil of the afterlife to be raised up (Kovelant, 2007).

Some may view a visitation dream as a component of the grieving process but diminishing the experience of the dreamer as possibly being temporarily not normal due to a tragedy. Religions such as Islam and more specifically Sufism, the esoteric form of Islam, have quite different viewpoints on dreams. Dreams come from a spiritual or mystical belief. Sufism sees that some dreams, specifically “visitation dreams” are where the dead seem to return or appear in dreams, to interact with us. Whether the perceived visitation of the deceased that appears in one’s dreams is produced by the dreamer, the deceased, both, or neither, remains yet to be determined (Kovelant, 2007).

In many various Indigenous cultures, dreams are seen as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds. Among some Native American tribes, dreams are perceived as a conduit through which the spirits of ancestors can communicate with the living. These dreams are not simply symbolic but are thought to carry messages and guidance from the deceased, who may still remain connected to the physical lives of their loved ones even after passing on to the next phase of spiritual existence.

Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), is a celebration that is believed in Mexican culture to be a time when the spirits of the deceased can return to the world of the living. The celebration itself can be seen as a conscious invitation for these spirits to visit. Dreams experienced during this period are often interpreted as actual interactions with the deceased. These dreams are often interpreted as guidance, blessings, support or comfort, and reassurance from those who have passed on.

Chinese culture believes that dreams including the deceased can offer other insights. Recurring dreams might highlight unresolved issues or a need to engage in specific rituals to help the deceased rest in peace. Their belief is that the deceased might appear to the living in dreams to help resolve unfinished tasks or to provide guidance to their living relatives.

Western cultures often seem to approach dreams with a more psychological perspective. Psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung offered insights into dreams in the early and mid-1900s, where the deceased are often seen as manifestations of an individual’s unconscious mind. From this perspective, dreams where the deceased comes to visit, might represent the dreamer’s inner thoughts and emotions as opposed to an actual spiritual encounter. Within this framework, many people may find meaning in these dreams. Some may see these types of dreams as a method to process grief and continue a connection with loved ones who have since passed away.

I have experienced visitation dreams a few times, where close family members or dear friends came to me in my dreams shortly after their passing. I might have attributed these events to coping mechanisms or coincidences in dealing with death and the grieving process. However, I don’t believe this to be the case due to my finding out that other living family or friends had experienced very similar dreams at almost the same time, from the same deceased individuals.

Reference:

Kovelant, K. (2007). Peering through the Veil: Death, Dreams and the Afterlife in Sufi Thought. Journal of Spirituality & Paranormal Studies, 30, 148–156.

Please contact me if you, your business, organization, or group, might be interested in hosting me to speak on a wide spectrum of topics relative to better health, fitness, and well-being.

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Jim Moltzan

407-234-0119

False Memories, the Power of Suggestion – Or Don’t You Think…

Suggestibility is where memory is distorted due to newer and/or misleading information (Ettinger, 2018). I think that this concept of implanting false memories through suggestion, might not be so recent of an idea despite the Ted Talk with psychologist Elizabeth Loftus speaking on seemingly modern events (Loftus, 2013). I am going to veer off onto a different perspective. People have been influencing others with the power of suggestion for at least the length of my life and probably much, much, longer before. I have seen parents, teachers, coaches, mentors, clergy, and others suggest and sway the thoughts and emotions of those who trust them. I have discussed this previously, specifically with the state of dependency and flashbulb memories, and how our thoughts and emotions can affect how we store our memories, whether perceived by us as being a good or a bad memory at any particular time (Ettinger, 2018).

When a child is injured or sick, a parent or other adult might downplay the event by using wording such as “it’s not that bad”, “it could have been a lot worse” or “this is nothing” in order to not upset the child. However, these phrases might actually be causing the child to reprogram their thoughts to what an injury should feel like or even their tolerance to pain. Changing the perspective can change how the memories are encoded. These examples could be debated as good or bad depending upon the individual and their unique circumstances. For example, I broke my collarbone at a very young age, where I did not really remember the injury. When I was old enough to remember my parents told me how I was in pain and unable to grab with my right arm. This seemed somewhat traumatic to revisit when I was young, but years later my parents shared that due to my right arm being injured, I turned out to be left-handed. At this time, left-handedness was considered somewhat odd, or unique but also kind of special. Learning of this fact changed my memory of what my collarbone injury was in my mind, for the better.

My point here is that not only can others sway our thoughts and emotions, leading to our memories being considered as a favorable or unfavorable memory, but we can also change them ourselves. I have worked with many people over my years as a martial arts and self-defense instructor, that had suffered trauma from being injured or assaulted by others. Some of these people were able to not change their memory but rather change their perspective of the memory. This was accomplished by working with them through the memory of the event and how they dealt with the event at the time compared to how they might in the future. With gaining increased knowledge, awareness, and other strengths and skills, some people can change how memories affect them, whether for the better or for the worse.

References:

Ettinger, R. H. (2018). Psychology: The science of behavior (6th ed.). Redding, CA: BVT Publishing

Loftus, E. (2013, September 23). How reliable is your memory? TED Talks. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_how_reliable_is_your_memory?language=en

Walsh, C. (2017, December 12). CogBlog – a cognitive psychology blog » Pay attention! Divided attention impairs memory processes. https://web.colby.edu/cogblog/2017/12/12/pay-attention-divided-attention-impairs-memory-processes/

Perera, A. (2023). False Memory In Psychology: Examples & More. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/false-memory.html

Please contact me if you, your business, organization, or group, might be interested in hosting me to speak on a wide spectrum of topics relative to better health, fitness, and well-being.

I also have hundreds of FREE education video classes, lectures, and seminars available on my YouTube channel at:

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Many of my publications can be found on Amazon at:

http://www.Amazon.com/author/jimmoltzan

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Jim Moltzan

407-234-0119

“Ikigai” – A Reason for Getting Out of Bed Each Day

Ikigai is a Japanese concept representing the pursuit of balance among purpose, meaning, self-awareness, and self-realization (PMSS). It’s the harmony of these elements that leads to a fulfilling life, especially when one’s work aligns with them. Often referred to as finding one’s bliss, calling, or “inner genius,” the four elements of PMSS are interrelated yet unique. Together, they give us a reason to get out of bed each day, guiding our lives and enriching our connections to others. Without these components, people often face a life of confusion, chaos, pain, and even a sense of emptiness and perhaps suffering.

Historically, career choice has often shaped a person’s identity, with individuals feeling invisible or inadequate when career titles are lost, changed, or remain unachieved. This pressure is intensified in American culture, where respect is frequently tied to socioeconomic status, adding to the struggle of those who may feel disconnected from their purpose. Many Americans experience a lack of purpose and meaning, often heightened in later life stages. Retirees, for instance, may struggle to redefine themselves when they leave careers that once framed their identities, impacting their sense of place at home and in family life. Similarly, losing a spouse or loved one can erode this sense of purpose. For some, volunteering or public service becomes a way to revive their meaning and direction.

I remember many of my martial arts mentors speaking of the importance of understanding that we “earn” our lives through service to others. Demanding respect through fear or gaining recognition without earning, does not produce true meaning or purpose. Participation trophies usually don’t help to pay the bills. We earn the life we till, seed, and harvest. What can be considered as a higher calling other than helping, teaching, and nurturing others to become better versions of themselves? To take this concept to another level of meaning and purpose in terms of spirituality, I have learned the term gong dao wei shen (功德为神) which is rooted in Chinese philosophical and spiritual traditions. However, the exact expression isn’t commonly cited. I can attempt to break it down:

功德 (gong de) — This translates to “merit” or “karmic merit” in the sense of virtue accumulated through good deeds and moral actions. In traditional Chinese thought and in Buddhism, gong de is the spiritual merit or positive karma gained through altruistic actions, spiritual practice, and moral conduct.
为 (wei) — This can mean “for” or “as” in this context, often used to imply that the merit serves or benefits something.
神 (shen) — This translates to “spirit” or “divine” and can imply a higher spiritual state or connection with the divine.

功德为神

Consequently, gong dao wei shen could be loosely interpreted as “acquiring karmic merit for spiritual elevation or connection to the divine.” This phrase might not appear in ancient texts directly but reflects the concept of dedicating good deeds or spiritual work to elevate one’s spiritual state, aligning with Chinese philosophies of moral virtue impacting one’s spiritual development.

Grasping these aspects of PMSS early on benefits not only individuals but also communities and society as a whole. However, finding this balance isn’t something that can be bought or easily read about; it takes time, life experiences, a genuine desire, and self-reflection to develop. In this way, one’s personal sense of ikigai or PMSS truly takes shape through a lifelong journey of discovery and growth.

Please contact me if you, your business, organization, or group might be interested in hosting me to speak on a wide range of topics related to better health, fitness, and well-being.

I look forward to further sharing my message by partnering with hospitals, wellness centers, VA centers, schools on all levels, businesses, and individuals who see the value in building a stronger nation through a healthier population.

I also have hundreds of FREE education video classes, lectures, and seminars available on my YouTube channel at:

https://www.youtube.com/c/MindandBodyExercises

Many of my publications can be found on Amazon at:

http://www.Amazon.com/author/jimmoltzan

My holistic health blog is available at:

https://mindandbodyexercises.wordpress.com/

http://www.MindAndBodyExercises.com

Mind and Body Exercises on Google: https://posts.gle/aD47Qo

Jim Moltzan

Harnessing the Zeigarnik Effect: From To-Do Lists to Closing Circles on Apple Watches

The Zeigarnik Effect is a psychological phenomenon discovered by Lithuanian-Soviet psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik. It describes the tendency for people to remember unfinished tasks more vividly than completed ones. This effect arises because incomplete tasks generate a state of mental tension and mild cognitive dissonance, enhancing recall ability. Once a task is completed, this tension dissipates, and details gradually fade from memory.

Several factors can amplify the Zeigarnik Effect, such as the perceived difficulty of a task, an individual’s drive or ambition, task engagement, and proximity to completion. This effect can be harnessed to improve memory retention, enhance productivity, engage audiences, or even aid in recalling people’s names. For instance, individuals often remember ongoing projects or partially finished tasks more readily than completed ones.

Positive Applications and Modern Use

The Zeigarnik Effect can be a powerful tool for boosting productivity and maintaining motivation. For instance, to-do lists have become a popular method for leveraging this effect. When people see tasks that aren’t yet crossed off, they’re more likely to feel a psychological pull to complete them. Modern task management apps also rely on this principle, where unchecked boxes serve as gentle reminders that something is left undone, encouraging users to finish their lists.

Similarly, Apple Watches use the concept of “closing the rings” to motivate users toward daily goals. By visualizing physical activity through rings that need to be closed, the watch creates an incentive to finish tasks (such as standing, moving, or exercising) and promotes consistency. This concept reinforces the Zeigarnik Effect by keeping users aware of unfinished goals and making task completion visually rewarding.

Incremental Teaching Techniques

In educational settings, many instructors use incremental teaching strategies that encourage students to keep progressing through a course. By breaking lessons into smaller, manageable steps, teachers create a continuous sense of “incomplete tasks” that keeps students engaged without overwhelming them. Each small achievement provides a sense of accomplishment while still presenting another step to tackle. This method aligns well with the Zeigarnik Effect, as the feeling of “not quite being done” nudges students to complete the next part of the material. I can relate having experienced this effect many times throughout my martial arts training, spanning over 4o years. When my peers and were first introduced to a particular form (a deliberate sequence of exercises), we most often would only learn a few steps of the overall sequence. Parts of this was because the exercises were usually quite complex not only in the static positioning of the body but also in the elaborate transitions from one exercise to the next. Learning a chunk (chunking, in one of my other posts on memory retention) was a time-proven method to help memorize the sequences. When we learned the whole set, we were ready to move onto the next or different set to follow.

Potential Drawbacks

While the Zeigarnik Effect can be beneficial, there are downsides. The constant mental reminder of incomplete tasks can lead to stress, cognitive overload, and even procrastination if the list feels too daunting. Individuals who struggle with a high number of unfinished projects may find themselves avoiding tasks instead of completing them. Understanding how to balance the effect—by setting achievable goals and taking breaks when needed—can help in maximizing its benefits while minimizing stress.

In summary, the Zeigarnik Effect remains a relevant psychological principle with applications in productivity tools, wearable tech, and educational approaches. By understanding this effect, we can better harness its potential to improve focus and task completion while recognizing and managing any drawbacks it may bring.

Please contact me if you, your business, organization, or group might be interested in hosting me to speak on a wide range of topics related to better health, fitness, and well-being.

I also have hundreds of FREE education video classes, lectures, and seminars available on my YouTube channel at:

https://www.youtube.com/c/MindandBodyExercises

Many of my publications can be found on Amazon at:

http://www.Amazon.com/author/jimmoltzan

My holistic health blog is available at:

https://mindandbodyexercises.wordpress.com/

http://www.MindAndBodyExercises.com

Mind and Body Exercises on Google: https://posts.gle/aD47Qo

Jim Moltzan